Hinterbein des Hundes – Muskeln, Sehnen, Bänder, Gefäße und Nerven, distal zum Kniegelenk

This dissected left-foot specimen displays the plantar digital neurovascular bundle both sides of the flexor tendons. The two digital extensor tendons are identified in the dorsal aspect of the specimen. The plantar aspect of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints show a dissection of the deep ligaments and their relationship with the neurovascular bundle.

Superficial anatomical structures:Tip of the nose (Apez nasi)Right and left wings of the nose (Alae nasi)Nonglandular skin on the tip of the nose (Planun nasale)Superficial disscetion on the left side:On the left side, the skin has been removed to identify the main anatomical structures,which are described grouped below.Muscles of the facial neuromuscular system:• M. nasolabial levator (M. levator nasolabialis)• M. canine (M. caninus)• M. buccinator (M. buccinator)• M. Zygoma9c (M. zygoma:cus)• M. parodidoauricularisMuscles of the mandibular neuromuscular system (mas9cators):• M. masseter (M. masseter)• M. Temporary (M.temporalis)Nerves:• Facial nerve: (N . facialis)• Dorsal buccal Branch (Rami buccales)• Ventral buccal Branch (Rami buccales)• Bucolabial branches (Rami buccolabiales)• N. Auriculopalpebral (N. Auriculopalpebralis)Vascular:• Facial artery (Arteria facialis)• External jugular vein: (V. Jugularis externa)o Maxillary vein (V. Maxillaris)o Linguofacial vein (V. Linguofacialis)Salivary glands:• Parotid gland and paro9d duct (Glandula parotis) (Ductus parotideus)• Mandibular gland Glandula mandibularisLymph nodes:• N. L. mandibular (Lymphonodi mandubulares)Deep dissection on the right side:On this right side mandible has been removed to see deeper anatomical structures. You can see the surfaces of the temporal bone for the temporomandibular joint (Articulatio Temporomandibularis). The medial pterygoid muscle (M. pterygoideus medialis) is identified and sectioned in its insertion area to the ramus of the mandible (Ramus mandibulae). Next to this muscle, the branches of the mandibular nerve (N. mandibularis) are identified, as well as the maxillary nerve (nevus maxillaris) and the maxillary artery (arteria maxillaris). Near the external acoustic meatus (Meatus acusticus externus), the facial nerve (N . facialis) has been maintained, with one of its branches,the auriculopalpebral nerve (N. Auriculopalpebralis), running parallel to the zygomatic arch (Arcus zygomaticus), visible atier removing the parotd salivary gland (Glandula parotis). The tongue is identified in its entire caudal extension, and the styloglossus (M. stylogossus), genioglossus (M. genioglossus) and genihyoid (M. geniohydeus) muscles reach it. Next to these muscles, the hypoglossal nerve (N. hypoglossus) is identified. In relation to the pharynx (Pharynx), the constrictor muscles of the pharynx (Mm. constrictors phyngis caudalis) are identified. In the most caudal area, in relation to the neck, the course of the common caro9d artery (arteria caarotis communis) and the vagosympathetic trunk nerve (Truncus vagosympathicus) are identified.

This specimen preserves a superficial dissection of the lower limb musculature from the midthigh to the hoof. The capsule of the stifle and tarsus joints has been opened to demonstrate the menisci, the main ligaments and the topography of the tendons. Muscles extensor and flexor of these joints as well as the foot joints have been dissected from the origin in the femur and tibia bones, to the insertions tendons in the tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges bones. Nerves and vessels have been dissected in the popliteal fossa, tarsus and digit regions. Detailed anatomical description on request.

This specimen records the anatomy of an ox‘s right foot from the metatarsus to the distal phalanges. In the dorsal aspect, the insertion of the tendons of the common, lateral and medial digital extensor muscles are the main structures. In the plantar aspect, the relation of the tendons of the superficial and deep digital flexor muscles with deep structures such as the interosseous ligament can be detected. Capsular and extra-capsular ligaments of the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints are also preserved.

This specimen demonstrates the superficial anatomy of a dog‘s right thoracic limb from the scapula to the hand. The shoulder flexor and extensor muscles of the scapular region have been preserved, along with the arm flexor and extensor muscles of the elbow. In the forearm and hand are the flexor and extensor muscles of the carpus and fingers. On the medial side of the axillary region the main nerves of the brachial plexus have been preserved. Similarly, the paths of the brachial and median arteries and their respective veins are identified. In a superficial position, the cephalic vein has been preserved together with the antebrachialis lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm. Detailed anatomical description on request.

This horse half-head shows a superficial dissection on the right lateral aspect and a middle sagittal section on the medial aspect.On the lateral side the skin has been removed, except on the nostrils, lips and external ear. In the rostral part of the dissection are the muscles of facial mimicry, the levator nasolabialis, canine, levator labii superioris, zygomaticus, buccinator (buccal portion) and depressor labii inferioris muscles. The caudal part of the dissection is occupied by the masseteric muscle covered by the masseteric fascia from the facial crest of the maxillary bone. This muscle presents on the surface the course of the dorsal and ventral buccal branches of the facial nerve, which end rostrally as buccolabial branches. In the notch of the facial vessels, the facial artery and vein are located together with the parotid duct. In the dorsal and caudal part of the masseter muscle, the transverse facial artery and vein are located together with the auriculotemporal nerve. The parotid-auricular muscle, the parotid gland, and the maxillary and linguofacial veins are located in the cervicofacial transit.In the middle sagittal section, the nasal cavity is occupied by the ventral nasal concha, dorsal nasal concha, and middle nasal concha, separated by the dorsal, middle, and ventral nasal meatuses. The perpendicular lamina of the ethmoid bone is located in the caudal area of the nasal cavity. This bone is the rostral limit of the cerebral fossa. The cerebellar fossa is caudal to the anterior one. The vomer bone establishes the choanae as transit to the nasopharynx where the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube is located. The oral cavity is limited dorsally by the hard palate, which continues caudally as the soft palate. The sagittal section of the tongue shows the proper lingual muscle as well as the genioglossus and genihyoid muscles. The oropharynx is occupied by the root of the tongue and the soft palate. The epiglottis, arytenoid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage limit the laryngeal cavity with the lateral ventricle, vocal fold, and infraglottic cavity. The laryngopharynx is occupied by the esophageal vestibule. The esophagus is located dorsal to the trachea and ventral to the long cervical and long capitis muscles. The mandibular lymph nodes are in the intermandibular space.