Sinus Pathways

This 3D model is an isolated stomach with two dissection windows to expose the rugae and pylorus. A small portion of the terminal oesophagus is preserved at the cardiac region, and a small portion of the proximal duodenum beyond the pyloric sphincter. The large window within the body of the stomach allows for a clear view into the fundus and the well-developed rugae on the posterior aspect of the wall of the organ. The smaller window, opened just at the pyloric region, allows for an appreciation of the thickening of the organ wall at the pyloric sphincter just proximal to the start of the duodenum.

This 3D model represents one of the largest and most complex in the series, consisting of a partial torso from the diaphragm to the proximal thigh with a complete abdominal cavity preserving varying levels of dissection. This 3D model also records the rare, simultaneous occurrence of indirect and direct inguinal hernias allowing for a consideration of the anatomical underpinnings for both conditions. Given the scale of the dissection this 3D model description is divided into discrete parts based on views and regions.The diaphragmThe diaphragm is preserved on the model’s superior aspect, with both domes and costodiaphragmatic recesses visible despite some distortion from rib removal. The fibrous pericardium rests on the central tendon, with the terminal inferior vena cava seen in the caval foramen. Lateral to this lies the oesophagus in the oesophageal hiatus, and the descending thoracic aorta approaching the aortic hiatus near the vertebrae. The epigastric and hypochondriac regionsIn the abdomen, removal of the anterior wall, greater omentum, and much of the GI tract reveals retroperitoneal structures. The terminal oesophagus enters just left of the liver. With the stomach removed, the pancreas is fully exposed from head to tail, reaching the spleen in the left hypochondrium. Above it, the splenic and common hepatic arteries span the narrow space between pancreas, diaphragm, and liver. The tortuous splenic artery divides near the splenic vein; the common hepatic gives rise to the gastroduodenal and right gastric arteries, superficial to the portal vein. The superior mesenteric vessels pass near the pancreatic head, and the ileocolic artery leads to the caecum. The inferior mesenteric vein arises from the superior rectal vein and crosses the descending aorta. Below the liver, the gallbladder lies between the lobes. On the left, renal vessels pass deep to the pancreas, with ureters descending across the psoas muscles. The umbilical and lumbar regionsMost abdominal organs in the umbilical and lumbar regions have been removed to reveal the posterior abdominal wall. Centrally, the descending aorta and inferior vena cava are prominent, with testicular vessels traceable toward the inguinal region. Two right lumbar arteries branch from the aorta, and the inferior mesenteric artery gives rise to the left colic, sigmoid, and superior rectal arteries. On the right, subcostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves are visible, along with the circumflex iliac artery.The hypogastrium and iliac regionsThe abdominal aorta bifurcates into the common, internal, and external iliac arteries, with matching iliac veins merging into the inferior vena cava. The obturator artery, ureters, and testicular vessels are visible. In the true pelvis, the peritoneum covers the bladder, while the rectum remains obscured. The right iliac fossa contains the terminal ileum, caecum, and appendix, with nearby vessels and nerves. On the left, the sigmoid colon crosses the iliac fossa, where an epiploic appendage extends into an indirect hernia near the inferior epigastric artery. The inguinal region and perineumThis model uniquely preserves both direct (right) and indirect (left) inguinal hernias, with the inferior epigastric vessels retained for anatomical orientation. The right hernia lies medial to these vessels; the left hernia sac extends laterally into the spermatic cord, containing an epiploic appendage. The perineum reveals the penis, testes, and spermatic cords. On the right, the cord remains intact; on the left, it’s opened, showing a varicose testicular vein linked to the indirect hernia. The thighThe femoral triangle has been dissected on both thighs. On the right, the femoral sheath was removed to reveal the femoral artery, vein, deep inguinal lymph nodes, and femoral nerve. On the left, a broader view exposes anterior and medial thigh muscles, with the femoral artery, profunda femoris, and circumflex iliac artery visible. The model ends mid-thigh, showing cross-sectional anatomy including the femoral shaft, vessels, and muscles in the subsartorial canal.

This 3D model provides a unique perspective on the anatomy of the cerebrum relative to the meninges. The cerebrum has been separated from the brainstem and cerebellum, with only parts of the midbrain and cerebral peduncles visible on the inferior surface. Adjacent to the cut section the olfactory tracts and bulbs can be seen extending along the inferior margin of the frontal lobes of the cerebrum. Varying dissection between the left and right cerebral hemispheres allows an appreciation for the organisation of the brain and meninges as it would normally appear within the cranial cavity. In the midline, the dura mater has been preserved from anterior (rostral) to posterior. The central portion of the true (endosteal) dura opened to expose the superior sagittal sinus (between endosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater). Numerous arachnoid granulations (clusters of arachnoid villi) are visible within the opened superior sagittal sinus – as well as across the margins of the preserved dura. On the right cerebral hemisphere, the dura mater has been completely removed to expose the underlying arachnoid mater, which obscures the appearance of the underlying cerebral gyri and sulci as well as the terminal branches of cerebral arteries. In contrast, the arachnoid mater has dissected across most of the hemisphere (excepting a margin for reference) to expose the gyri and sulci covered in pia mater. This allows a clear view of the lateral sulcus and the central sulcus, with the latter defining the boundaries of the frontal and parietal lobes - and separating the primary sensory and motor cortical areas on the gyri on either side of the sulcus.

This high-resolution 3D model features a head and neck specimen sectioned just off the midsagittal plane, preserving critical midline structures often absent in similar models. Ideal for anatomical education, this model offers enhanced visibility due to fixative-induced brain shrinkage, exaggerating spaces between brain and skull.Key Features:Midline Anatomy Preserved:Includes the falx cerebri (anterior portion), septum pellucidum, interventricular foramen (of Monro), and nasal septum.Ventricular & Endocranial Structures:Clear views of the lateral and third ventricles, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, infundibulum, pituitary gland, and sphenoid sinus.Vascular Highlights:Displays the left vertebral artery, posterior cerebral artery (cross-section), and anterior cerebral artery branches around the corpus callosum.Detailed Nasal & Pharyngeal Regions:Shows relationships between the nasal septum, palate, auditory tube opening, and naso-/oropharynx.Laryngeal and Tracheal Anatomy:Includes epiglottis, arytenoid, thyroid cartilages, hyoid bone, and cross-sectional views of the vestibule, vestibular and vocal folds.This model provides a unique perspective of internal head and neck anatomy, combining anatomical depth with high educational value.

This detailed 3D anatomical model displays the pericardial cavity and reflections with the heart removed, allowing clear visualization of key structures within the middle mediastinum.Key Features:Pericardium:Shows the full extent of the parietal pericardium, continuous with the visceral layer (epicardium), and false-colored to indicate the positions of the atria, ventricles, and great vessels. Mediastinal Landmarks:Highlights the base, apex, diaphragmatic, and pulmonary surfaces of the heart by their impressions within the pericardial cavity.Great Vessels:- Aorta (ascending, arch, and descending)- Superior and Inferior Vena Cava- Pulmonary trunk and arteries- Pulmonary veins (4 total) - All shown in their natural positions relative to the pericardium.Pericardial Sinuses:- Transverse sinus: Located between arteries and veins; relevant for surgical access.- Oblique sinus: Posterior recess between pulmonary veins.Educational Use:- Ideal for teaching thoracic and cardiac anatomy, including pericardial reflections, mediastinal relationships, and surgical landmarks.- Useful in medical training, surgical planning, and radiological orientation.

This detailed 3D model displays the left half of a female pelvis, sectioned midsagittally, and extending to the proximal mid-thigh.Pelvic Organs & Peritoneum- Visible structures: Urinary bladder, uterus, vagina, and rectum (from anterior to posterior).- The peritoneum is preserved, showing the vesicouterine and rectouterine pouches.- The broad ligament, uterine tube, fimbriae, and left ovary are identifiable near the pelvic brim. Vessels & Nerves- Common and external iliac arteries pass toward the subinguinal space, alongside the common iliac vein and psoas major.- The ureter crosses over these vessels. - The femoral nerve is visible between psoas major and iliacus muscles. Anterior Thigh & Inguinal Region- Superficial fascia removed, exposing thigh structures up to the perineal edge.- Femoral triangle dissected to show:- Femoral artery and vein, with the vein receiving tributaries from the great saphenous, superficial circumflex iliac, external pudendal, and deep pudendal veins.- Femoral nerve lateral to the artery.- Anterior cutaneous nerves and part of the lateral cutaneous nerve over the sartorius muscle. - Inguinal lymph nodes beneath the inguinal ligament. Posterior Gluteal Region- Gluteus maximus removed to reveal deeper gluteal muscles.- Piriformis reflected, exposing:- Sciatic nerve, formed by tibial and common peroneal nerves.- Superior and inferior gluteal arteries. - Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh running parallel to the sciatic nerve.- Obturator internus, gemelli, and quadratus femoris muscles exposed.- Internal pudendal artery and pudendal nerve track toward the ischioanal fossa.- Their branches, including the inferior rectal nerve, are visible near the pelvic diaphragm and external anal sphincter.

This 3D model complements the H11 and H12 head and neck specimens, offering a clear view of the endocranial cavity without the brain, alongside a lateral dissection of the face, infratemporal region, and neck.Key Features:Endocranial Cavity- Brain removed; dura mater, tentorium cerebelli, and superior sagittal sinus fully visible- Several cranial nerves (CN II, III, V, VI, VII, VIII) seen piercing the dura- Pituitary gland preserved in sella turcica, left vertebral artery visible in posterior fossa Lateral Facial & Infratemporal Region- Facial artery and vein retained, dissected free of superficial tissues- Partial removal of mandible and zygomatic arch reveals:- Inferior alveolar and lingual nerves, posterior deep temporal artery, and TMJ articulation- Visible branches of the external carotid artery, including maxillary and superficial temporal arteriesNeck Anatomy- Facial nerve (CN VII) near posterior belly of digastric- Dissected carotid sheath showing internal/external carotid arteries, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve (CN X)- Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) and facial artery near submandibular gland- Hyoid bone, thyroid gland, and larynx visible- Cervical plexus branches on scalene muscles; brachial plexus roots preserved near internal jugular vein